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Daniel Schugurensky

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School of Public Affairs (SPA)
Professor
Faculty, DTPHX Campus, Mailcode 3720
MLF Teachers College
Affiliate Faculty Member; Professor, School of Public Affairs and School of Transformation
Faculty, DTPHX Campus, Mailcode 3720
Lincoln Center Applied Ethics
Lincoln Center Affiliated Faculty
Faculty, DTPHX Campus, Mailcode 3720
SST Social and Cultural Pedagogy
Professor
Faculty, DTPHX Campus, Mailcode 3720
SST Justice and Social Inquiry
Professor
Faculty, DTPHX Campus, Mailcode 3720
Biography: 

Daniel Schugurensky is a professor in the School of Public Affairs and in the School of Social Transformation at Arizona State University, where he is the founding director of the Participatory Governance Initiative, the director of the master's in social and cultural pedagogy, and the coordinator of the graduate and the undergraduate certificates in social transformation.

Among his recent authored or edited books are "Global Citizenship Education in Teacher Education" (Routledge, 2020), "By the People: Participatory democracy, civic engagement, and citizenship education" (Participatory Governance Initiative 2017); "Volunteer Work, Informal Learning and Social Action" (Rotterdam: Sense, 2013),  "Paulo Freire" (Continuum Library of Educational Thought. London: Continuum, 2011), "Learning citizenship by practicing democracy: international initiatives and perspectives" (Cambridge Scholarly Press, 2010), "Four in Ten: Spanish-Speaking Youth and Early School Leaving in Toronto" (LARED/University of Toronto, 2009), and "Ruptures, continuities and re-learning: The political participation of Latin Americans in Canada" (Toronto: Transformative Learning Centre, 2007). He has published more than 100 articles, book chapters and technical reports on a variety of topics, including adult education, community development, participatory democracy, citizenship education, social economy, civic engagement, higher education, migration, and volunteer work. One of his current projects focuses on school participatory budgeting.

CV
Binary Data Curriculum Vitae
Education: 
  • Ph.D. Educational Policy Studies, University of Alberta, Canada 1994
  • M.Ed. Educational Foundations, University of Alberta, Canada 1990
  • B.Ed. Education (with Honors), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico 1987
Research Interests: 

Citizen engagement, participatory democracy, civic education, community development, social economy

Publications: 
  • Schugurensky, D., & Wholuter, C. (Eds.) (2020). Global Citizenship Education and Teacher Education: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives. New York: Routledge.
  • Bartlett, T. & Schugurensky, D. (2020). Deschooling society 50 years later. Revisiting Ivan Illich in the era of COVID-19. Sisyphus Journal of Education 8 (3), pp. 65-84.
  • Mora, E. A., Torres, B. C., Castro, J., & Schugurensky, D. (2020). Prácticas innovadoras en educación ciudadana ¿qué dicen las revistas académicas españolas? Revista Fuentes Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 212-223.
  • Keller, D., Nicolaisen, H., O’Neill, K., Schugurensky, D., & Villaseñor, K. (Eds.) (2018). Social Pedagogy and Social Education: Connecting traditions and Innovations. Phoenix: Social Pedagogy Association.
  • No, W., Brennan, A., & Schugurensky, D. (Eds.). (2017). By the People: Participatory Democracy, Civic Engagement and Citizenship Education. Phoenix: Participatory Governance Initiative. 315 pages.
  • Sousa, J. and Schugurensky, D.. eds. (2018).  Adult Education and Post-Secondary Institutions. Alberta Journal of Educational Research  Special Issue Vol. 64, No. 2.
  • López, J. C., Cáceres, M. M., & Schugurensky, D. (2017). Educación para la ciudadanía e identidad en los museos de Estados Unidos:  Análisis desde la perspectiva de la educación patrimonial. Estudios Pedagógicos XLIII, N° 4: 29-48.
  • Schugurensky, D. (2017). Social pedagogy meets local democracy: Examining the possibilities and limits of participatory budgeting. Social Pedagogy Quarterly 65(3), 9-32.
  • No, W., Mook, L., & Schugurensky, D. (2017). Ideation in online participatory platforms: towards a conceptual framework (with Won No and Laurie Mook). Information Polity 22 (2-3), 101-116.
  • Carpintero., A. G., & Schugurensky, D. (2017). La participación como elemento clave en las escuelas democráticas. Revista Reflexão e Ação Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 46-83.
  • Schugurensky, D. (2017). Freire and the millennials: Revisiting the triangle of transformation. Freirean Rhizome Journal, Vol. 22..
  • Mancebo, D., Junior, J. D. R. S., & Schugurensky, D. (2016). A educação superior no Brasil diante da mundialização do capital (with Deise Mancebo and Joao Dos Reis Silva Junior). Educação em Revista v.32 (4): 205-225.
  • Campbell, T., Goodrich, R., Lukensmeyer., C., & Schugurensky, D. (2016). Promoting inclusion, equity and deliberation in a National Dialogue on Mental Health (with Tom Campbell, Raquel Goodrich, and Carolyn Lukensmeyer). Journal of Public Deliberation: Vol. 12:2.
  • No, W., Mook, L., & Schugurensky, D. (2016). Concurrent or integrated hybridity? Exploring offline and online citizen participation in invited spaces (with Won No and Laurie Mook). International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 19(4), 514-535.
  • Schugurensky, D. (2015). Social pedagogy in North America: Historical background and current developments. Pedagogía social: Revista interuniversitaria (27), 225-251.
  •  Dos Reis Silva Jr.. S., Araujo., J. B. de, & Schugurensky, D. (2015). Ciencia académica, intelectuales y el trabajo del profesor universitario en Brasil: convergencia y hegemonía (with J. dos Reis Silva Júnior and J. Borges de Araujo). Revista Interamericana de Educación Superior (Brazil) Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 66-85 (republished from Revista de Educación Superior 44/1).
  • Cohen, M., Wiek., A., & Schugurensky, D. (2015). Citizenship education through participatory budgeting: The Case of Bioscience High School in Phoenix, Arizona (with M. Cohen and A. Wiek). Curriculum and Teaching Vo. 30, No. 2, pp. 5-26.
  • Chum, A., Carpenter, S., Farrell, E., Handy, F., Mook, L., Quarter, J., & Schugurensky, D. (2015). Does geographic context influence employability-motivated volunteering? The role of area-level material insecurity and urbanicity (with A. Chum, S. Carpenter, E. Farrell, F. Handy, L. Mook and J. Quarter). Canadian Geographer 59 (3), pp. 354-368.
  • Schugurensky. D. (2014) Paulo Freire and participatory action research. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Action Research .
  • Schugurensky. D. (2014). Social pedagogy and critical theory: A conversation with Hans Thiersch. International Journal of Social Pedagogy.
  • Dos Reis Silva, J. and Schugurensky, D.. (2014). Refletindo sobre as razões da diversificação institucional das universidades estatais brasileiras. Revista Integración y Conocimiento (Núcleo de Estudios e Investigaciones en Educación Superior del Mercosur.
  • L. Mook, E. Farrell, A.Chum, F. Handy, D. Schugurensky and J. Quarter (2014). Individual and Organizational Factors in the Interchangeability of Paid Staff and Volunteers: Perspectives of Volunteers. Canadian journal of nonprofit and social economy research (2014).
  • Hahn, Jennifer and Schugurensky, D. (2014). The complex relation between a social enterprise and its parent nonprofit: The case of the Northwood Translation Bureau. Social Purpose Enterprises. Case Studies for Social Change.
  • Mook, L., Farrell, E., Chum, A., Handy, F., Quarter., J., & Schugurensky, D. (2014). Individual and organizational factors in the interchangeability of paid staff and volunteers: Perspectives of Volunteers (with L. Mook, E. Farrell, A.Chum, F. Handy and J. Quarter). Canadian Journal of Nonprofit and Social Economy Research, 5(2), pp. 65-85.
  • Schugurensky, D. (2014). A social worker, a community development worker and an adult educator walk into a bar: on strange bedfellows and social pedagogy. Postcolonial Directions in Education, 3(2), 360-395.
  • Reis Silva Jr. & Schugurensky, D. (2014). Refletindo sobre as razões da diversificação institucional das universidades estatais brasileiras (with J. dos Reis Silva Jr.). Revista Integración y Conocimiento (Núcleo de Estudios e Investigaciones en Educación Superior del Mercosur) No. 2, pp. 32-48.
  •  Schugurensky, D. (2014). Social pedagogy and critical theory: A conversation with Hans Thiersch. International Journal of Social Pedagogy, 2(2), pp. 4-14.
  • Chum, Antony, Laurie Mook, Femida Handy, Jack Quarter and Daniel Schugurensky (2013). Degree and direction of paid employee/volunteer interchange in nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Leadership and Management.
  • Schugurensky, D. The learning society: Six approaches. Revista Educação e Políticas em Debate (2013).
  • Schugurensky, D. and Silver, M. (2013).. Social pedagogy: Historical traditions and transnational connections. Educational Policy Analytical Archives..
  • Myers, J. P., & Schugurensky, D. (2013). Cinderella and the search for the missing shoe: Latin American adult education policy and practice during the 1990s. In Peter Mayo, ed., Learning with adults: A reader. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, pp. 317-340. 
  • Schugurensky. , D. (2012). Citizen School (Escola Cidada). Paulo Freire Encyclopedia.
  • Schugurensky., D. (2012). The Citizens’ Initiative Review: From pilot to permanent. Public Affairs Times.
  • Sara Carpenter, Nadya Weber and Daniel Schugurensky. Views from the blackboard: Neoliberal educational reforms and the practice of teaching in Ontario, Canada. Globalisation, Societies and Education (2012).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Civic engagement and participatory governance. Civic Engagement: 100th Arizona Town Hall (2012).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Higher Education in the Era of Globalization: Towards a Heteronomous Model?. Comparative Education: The Dialectic of the Global and the Local (2012).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Reflections on the Global Doing Democracy Research Project. Can educators make a difference? Experimenting with, and experiencing, democracy in education". (2012).
  • M. Vieta, M. Larrabure and D. Schugurensky. Social Businesses in Argentina and Venezuela. Businesses with a difference. Balancing the social and the economic (2012).
  • Schugurensky, Daniel. Paulo Freire. (2011).
  • Pinnington, Elizabeth and Daniel Schugurensky. Learning Citizenship by Practicing Democracy : International Initiatives and Perspectives. (2010).
  • N/A - record moved from Authored Books. N/A - record moved from Authored Books. Learning Citizenship by Practicing Democracy : International Initiatives and Perspectives (2010).
  • Schugurensky, Daniel, Daniela Mantilla and José Francisco Serrano, eds. Four in ten: Spanish-Speaking youth and school dropout in Toronto. (2008).
  • Ginieniewicz, Jorge and Daniel Schugurensky. Ruptures, continuities and re-learning: The political participation of Latin Americans in Canada. (2007).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. A social worker, a community development worker and an adult educator walk into a bar: on strange bedfellows and social pedagogy. Postcolonial Directions in Education (0).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. The fourth form of engagement: Participatory budgeting from Brazil to the USA. Public Affairs Times International Supplement "Open Government: Beyond the U.S. Experience". American Society for Public Administration, Jan./March (0).
Research Activity: 
Summer 2022
Course NumberCourse Title
EDA 792Research
EDA 799Dissertation
Spring 2022
Course NumberCourse Title
PAF 494Special Topics
SST 501Fnds of SocialTransformation
PAF 566Part Govern & Civic Engagement
SST 599Thesis
Fall 2021
Course NumberCourse Title
SST 220Intro to Social Transformation
APA 220Intro to Social Transformation
JUS 220Intro to Social Transformation
PAF 509Public Affairs Capstone
PAF 590Reading and Conference
EPA 790Reading and Conference
SOS 792Research
DCI 799Dissertation
Summer 2021
Course NumberCourse Title
EDA 792Research
JUS 792Research
EDA 799Dissertation
Spring 2021
Course NumberCourse Title
JUS 498Pro-Seminar
SST 501Fnds of SocialTransformation
SST 590Reading and Conference
DCI 784Internship
DCI 792Research
DCI 799Dissertation
Fall 2020
Course NumberCourse Title
APA 220Intro to Social Transformation
JUS 220Intro to Social Transformation
SST 220Intro to Social Transformation
PAF 494Special Topics
PAF 566Part Govern & Civic Engagement
JUS 599Thesis
EPA 790Reading and Conference
SOS 792Research
EPA 792Research
DCI 792Research
EDA 792Research
EDA 799Dissertation
DCI 799Dissertation
Summer 2020
Course NumberCourse Title
SST 595Continuing Registration
EDA 792Research
EDA 799Dissertation
Spring 2020
Course NumberCourse Title
JUS 492Honors Directed Study
JUS 493Honors Thesis
JUS 499Individualized Instruction
SST 501Fnds of SocialTransformation
SST 590Reading and Conference
PAF 590Reading and Conference
JUS 590Reading and Conference
JUS 592Research
SST 592Research
SST 593Applied Project
JUS 593Applied Project
JUS 599Thesis
SST 692Research
DCI 784Internship
EDA 792Research
DCI 792Research
CRD 792Research
DCI 799Dissertation
EDA 799Dissertation
Fall 2019
Course NumberCourse Title
SST 220Intro to Social Transformation
APA 220Intro to Social Transformation
JUS 220Intro to Social Transformation
SST 484Internship
JUS 492Honors Directed Study
JUS 493Honors Thesis
SST 498Pro-Seminar
JUS 498Pro-Seminar
JUS 499Individualized Instruction
PAF 509Public Affairs Capstone
SST 580Practicum
SST 590Reading and Conference
JUS 590Reading and Conference
JUS 592Research
SST 592Research
SST 593Applied Project
JUS 593Applied Project
SST 595Continuing Registration
SST 599Thesis
JUS 599Thesis
EPA 790Reading and Conference
JUS 790Reading and Conference
DCI 792Research
SOS 792Research
EDA 792Research
EPA 792Research
JUS 792Research
JUS 799Dissertation
DCI 799Dissertation
EDA 799Dissertation
Summer 2019
Course NumberCourse Title
JUS 492Honors Directed Study
JUS 493Honors Thesis
JUS 498Pro-Seminar
JUS 499Individualized Instruction
SST 580Practicum
SST 590Reading and Conference
SST 592Research
JUS 592Research
SST 593Applied Project
JUS 593Applied Project
SST 595Continuing Registration
SST 599Thesis
JUS 599Thesis
EDA 792Research
JUS 792Research
EDA 799Dissertation
JUS 799Dissertation
Spring 2019
Course NumberCourse Title
JUS 492Honors Directed Study
JUS 493Honors Thesis
PAF 494Special Topics
JUS 498Pro-Seminar
JUS 499Individualized Instruction
SST 499Individualized Instruction
SST 501Fnds of SocialTransformation
PAF 566Part Govern & Civic Engagement
SST 580Practicum
JUS 590Reading and Conference
SST 590Reading and Conference
SST 592Research
JUS 592Research
JUS 593Applied Project
JUS 599Thesis
SST 599Thesis
SST 692Research
DCI 784Internship
DCI 792Research
EDA 792Research
CRD 792Research
EDA 799Dissertation
DCI 799Dissertation
Fall 2018
Course NumberCourse Title
JUS 492Honors Directed Study
JUS 493Honors Thesis
SST 498Pro-Seminar
JUS 498Pro-Seminar
JUS 499Individualized Instruction
PAF 509Public Affairs Capstone
SST 580Practicum
SST 590Reading and Conference
JUS 590Reading and Conference
SST 592Research
JUS 592Research
SST 593Applied Project
JUS 593Applied Project
SST 595Continuing Registration
SST 599Thesis
JUS 599Thesis
JUS 691Seminar
JUS 790Reading and Conference
EPA 792Research
EDA 792Research
JUS 792Research
DCI 792Research
SOS 792Research
DCI 799Dissertation
EDA 799Dissertation
JUS 799Dissertation
Summer 2018
Course NumberCourse Title
JUS 492Honors Directed Study
JUS 493Honors Thesis
JUS 498Pro-Seminar
JUS 499Individualized Instruction
SST 580Practicum
SST 590Reading and Conference
JUS 590Reading and Conference
JUS 592Research
SST 592Research
JUS 593Applied Project
SST 593Applied Project
SST 595Continuing Registration
JUS 595Continuing Registration
SST 599Thesis
JUS 599Thesis
JUS 790Reading and Conference
EDA 792Research
JUS 792Research
JUS 795Continuing Registration
EDA 799Dissertation
JUS 799Dissertation
Spring 2018
Course NumberCourse Title
JUS 492Honors Directed Study
JUS 493Honors Thesis
JUS 498Pro-Seminar
JUS 499Individualized Instruction
SST 499Individualized Instruction
SST 501Fnds of SocialTransformation
PAF 566Part Govern & Civic Engagement
SST 580Practicum
SST 590Reading and Conference
JUS 590Reading and Conference
SST 592Research
JUS 592Research
SST 599Thesis
JUS 599Thesis
SST 692Research
DCI 784Internship
DCI 792Research
EDA 792Research
JUS 795Continuing Registration
EDA 799Dissertation
DCI 799Dissertation
Fall 2017
Course NumberCourse Title
URB 405Citizen Engagement & Com Bldg
JUS 492Honors Directed Study
JUS 493Honors Thesis
SST 498Pro-Seminar
JUS 498Pro-Seminar
JUS 499Individualized Instruction
SST 510Social and Cultural Pedagogy
SST 580Practicum
SST 590Reading and Conference
JUS 590Reading and Conference
SST 592Research
JUS 592Research
JUS 593Applied Project
SST 593Applied Project
SST 595Continuing Registration
SST 599Thesis
JUS 599Thesis
JUS 790Reading and Conference
EDA 792Research
EPA 792Research
DCI 792Research
JUS 792Research
DCI 799Dissertation
EDA 799Dissertation
JUS 799Dissertation
Presentations: 
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Evaluation of Participatory Budgeting. Paper presented at the III International Conference on Participatory Budgeting. III International Conference on Participatory Budgeting (Sep 2014).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Research findings on process and impacts of participatory budgeting: What we know so far, and what we need to know. Paper presented at the IV International Conference on Democracy, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina. IV International Conference on Democracy, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina (Sep 2014).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Revisiting the 10 theses on the heteronomous university 20 years later. Higher Education Seminar, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, (Sep 2014).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Social return on investments in social enterprises: the case of the Northwood Translation Bureau. Presented at the panel 'Social Value Measurement Of Social Enterprises: Four Case Studies. Conference of the Association for Nonprofit and Social Economy Research (ANSER) (May 2014).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Difficult choices and critical thinking: Teaching cases for social purpose enterprises. Conference of the Association for Nonprofit and Social Economy Research (ANSER) (May 2014).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Self-governance and economic democracy. Panel ‘Contemporary Latin American experiences in autogestión: paths to economic democracy. Latin American Studies Association (LASA), Chicago, May 21-24. Conference of Latin American Studies Association (LASA) (May 2014).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Online Participatory Democracy and Municipal Governance: A Study of Three Cities. 56th Annual Conference of the Western Social Science Association (WSSA) (Apr 2014).
  • Schugurensky, Daniel. Education and emancipation: A debate still relevant?. International conference ""From emancipation to emancipation", University of Leuven, Belgium (Oct 2013).
  • Schugurensky, Daniel. Migration policies, migration politics and economic realities. International Seminar "Translating Welfare and Migration Policies in Canada and Germany". Frankfurt (Oct 2013).
  • Schugurensky, Daniel. Volunteer work and informal learning: Conceptual and factual issues. 1st International Conference on volunteering for youth employment, mobilization, social inclusion a (Oct 2013).
  • Schugurensky, Daniel. The past, the present, and hypothetical future of the Transformative Learning Centre of the University of Toronto. 20th Anniversary Conference of the Transformative Learning Centre. University of (Oct 2013).
  • Schugurensky, Daniel. Social Pedagogy: A comparative and international perspective. XV World Congress of the Comparative and International Education Societies (Jun 2013).
  • Schugurensky, Daniel. Learning citizenship and democracy in social housing and in housing cooperatives: two case studies. Conference "Active citizenship and social housing". European Commission's Lifelong Learning Program (May 2013).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Social pedagogy: historical traditions, current situation, and future directions. conference of the Comparative and International Education Society (Western Region) (Oct 2012).
  • Daniel Schugurensly. "Does participation make better citizens? Challenges for qualitative research". International Conference of the Korean Association for Comparative Government (KACG), and the Associ (Oct 2012).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Transnationalism, migration, and civic/political participation. Conference "Reimagining social policy toward transnational social support (Oct 2012).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Cooperatives and Social Responsibility in Latin America. Annual Congress of the Latin American Studies Association (LASA) (May 2012).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. . El profesorado y la enseñanza de la educación ciudadana: 10 problemas, 20 tensiones, 10 estrategias. XXIII International Symposium Didáctica de las ciencias sociales: Educar para la participacion ciuda (May 2012).
  • Daniel Schugurensky. Participatory budgeting in Canada. The story so far. I. nternational Conference on Participatory Budgeting (Mar 2012).
Service: 
  • College of Public Programs, Personnel Committee (2013 - Present)
  • School of Public Affairs, Coordinator Graduate Certificate in Participatory Governance (2012 - Present)
  • School of Public Affairs, Hiring Committee Member, SPA School Director (2012 - Present)
  • School of Public Affairs, Coordinator Graduate Certificate in Participatory Governance (2012 - Present)
  • Community Development Research Cluster, Co-coordinator (2012 - Present)
  • Latin American Research Cluster, Member (2011 - Present)
  • Participatory Governance Initiative, Co-director, (2011 - Present)
  • Participatory Governance Initiative, Co-director, (2011 - Present)
  • School of Social Transformation, Coordinator, MA in Social and Cultural Pedagogy (2011 - Present)
  • School of Social Transformation, Coordinator, MA in Social and Cultural Pedagogy (2011 - Present)
  • School of Social Transformation, Coordinator of Graduate Studies (2011 - Present)
  • School of Social Transformation, Coordinator, Graduate Certificate in Social Transformation (2011 - Present)
  • School of Social Transformation, Coordinator, undergraduate Certificate in Social Transformation (2011 - Present)
  • School of Social Transformation, Coordinator, Graduate Certificate in Social Transformation (2011 - Present)
  • Globalisation, Societies and Education, Editorial Board Member (2008 - Present)
  • Globalisation, Societies and Education, Editorial Board Member (2008 - Present)
  • International Journal of Lifelong Education, Editorial Board Member (2007 - Present)
  • School of Social Transformation, Faculty Head, Justice and Social Inquiry (2013 - 2016)
  • Center for Advanced Studies in Global Education, Advisory Board Member (2014 - 2015)
  • Journal of Postcolonial Directions in Education, Editorial Board Member (2009 - 2015)
  • Educational Policy Analysis Archives, Editorial Board Member (2008 - 2015)
  • International Journal of Lifelong Education, Editorial Board Member (2007 - 2015)
  • School of Social Transformation, Chair of Organizing Committee (2014 - 2015)
  • Participatory Budgeting Project, Research associate (pro-bono) (2010 - 2015)
  • School of Social Transformation, Search committee member (2014 - 2014)
  • Human Rights Film Festival, Organizing committee member (2014 - 2014)
  • Changemakers, ASU, Evaluator of student projects for Clinton Global Initiative (2014 - 2014)
  • Bioscience High School, Evaluator of student projects (2013 - 2014)
  • Bioscience High School, Evaluator of student projects (2013 - 2014)
  • Changemakers Central, ASU, Evaluator of proposals for Clinton Global Initiative (2013 - 2014)
  • Tempe Community Council Agency Review, Evaluator of funding proposals submitted by community groups (2012 - 2013)
  • School of Social Transformation, Coordinator, Undergraduate Certificate in Human Rights (2011 - 2012)
  • ASU Human Rights Film Festival 2012, Coordinator (2011 - 2012)
  • College of Public Programs, Coordinator, Doctoral Students Research Conference (2011 - 2011)
Expertise Areas: 
Civic Engagement
Democracy and Citizenship
Education
Governance
Local Community Influence